Opinion
“The History and Evolution of Restructuring in Nigeria
By Anthony N. Z. Sani
The dynamics of community living are ever-changing, making periodic restructuring necessary. However, those advocating for restructuring Nigeria today cannot ignore the historical fact that the country has undergone multiple structural transformations—whether in its geopolitical configuration, form of government, or economic model.
Geopolitical Restructuring: From Regions to States
At independence in 1960, Nigeria operated a three-region structure—the Northern, Western, and Eastern regions. However, due to political tensions and demands for greater autonomy, the Mid-Western Region was created in 1963, making it four regions. Following the civil war (1967–1970) and General Yakubu Gowon’s efforts to prevent further ethnic strife, the country was restructured into 12 states in 1967. Successive military and civilian administrations continued this trend, increasing the number of states to 19 in 1976, 21 in 1987, 30 in 1991, and finally 36 states in 1996 under General Sani Abacha.
Thus, Nigeria’s geopolitical landscape has been restructured several times over the decades, debunking claims that the country remains in its colonial-era form.
Governmental System: From Parliamentary to Presidential
At independence, Nigeria operated a parliamentary system, modeled after the British Westminster system, where the Prime Minister (Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa) was the head of government, and the Governor-General (later President Nnamdi Azikiwe) was the ceremonial head of state. This system lasted until the first military coup on January 15, 1966, which led to General Aguiyi-Ironsi’s short-lived unitary government before his assassination in July 1966.
Nigeria returned to civil rule in 1979, adopting a presidential system under the Second Republic, with Shehu Shagari as the first executive president. This system was modeled after the U.S. system to promote a stronger central authority while balancing regional interests. Despite military interruptions (1983–1999), Nigeria has maintained this presidential system, showing another aspect of its restructuring efforts.
Economic Restructuring: From State Capitalism to Privatization
Economically, Nigeria initially pursued a mixed economy with heavy government involvement. In the 1970s, the Nationalization Policy led to the government’s control of key industries, including oil, banking, and steel. However, by the late 1980s, under General Ibrahim Babangida’s Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) (1986–1993), Nigeria shifted towards economic liberalization and privatization.
This continued under President Olusegun Obasanjo (1999–2007), who privatized key government assets, including NITEL, NEPA (now privatized into DISCOs and GENCOs), and refineries. This restructuring aimed to reduce government inefficiency and promote a market-driven economy.
In terms of policies,General Obasanjo had Low Profile and Operation Feed the nation,President Shagari had Austerity Measures and Green Revolution while President IBB had Structural Adjustment Programs.Still we have challenges associated with socioeconomic development.
The Real Challenge: National Ideals and Moral Values
Despite these restructuring efforts, Nigeria still faces challenges in nationhood, governance, and social cohesion. Some argue that the collapse of national ideals and moral values—such as the sanctity of life, accountability, and civic responsibility—poses a greater threat than structural issues.
A diverse country like Nigeria, with over 250 ethnic groups and more than 500 languages, needs a strong but balanced central government. The federal government should be strong enough to maintain unity but not so dominant as to stifle state-level autonomy.
Lessons from Other Countries
Critics who argue that the 1914 Amalgamation was a mistake should consider Ethiopia, a country that has never been colonized but still grapples with ethnic tensions despite its ethnic-based federalism. Meanwhile, Somalia, despite being ethnically homogenous, remains a failed state due to internal conflicts.
Similarly, Lebanon, where political power is shared based on religion—the President must be a Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker a Shia Muslim—still struggles with governance instability. These examples show that national unity and stability require more than just restructuring; they demand a national ethos built on shared values and trust.
Conclusion
Nigeria has been restructured multiple times—politically, economically, and administratively. However, the core issue remains not just restructuring the system but restructuring mindsets. True progress lies in fostering patriotism, accountability, and a national identity that transcends ethnic, religious, and regional divisions. Rather than seeking another round of restructuring, Nigeria must embark on a cultural renaissance that promotes unity, fairness, and a shared vision for development.”.
Anthony N Z Sani.
The Senate President, Godswill Akpabio on Saturday said the Senator representing Kogi Central, Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan, who was suspended by the Senate for six months, traumatised him and others.
Akpabio had come under heavy criticism following the sanction handed out to the lawmaker.
Former Vice President Atiku Abubakar and the Labour Party presidential candidate in the 2023 election, Peter Obi, cautioned the Senate against making the political atmosphere toxic for women.
Major opposition parties in the country have also expressed outrage over the manner in which the complaint was handled.
But Akpabio maintained his innocence, saying none of what she alleged was true.
Speaking at an event to commemorate International Women’s Day, Akpabio raised concerns that he was merely her latest victim, saying previous allegations by Natasha had turned out to be false.
He said, ‘’It is only yesterday that I realised that what we are talking about only happened when there was a change of seat. That is when hell was let loose, and all sorts of allegations came up, only after the change of seat and change of committee, which my Senators know to happen from time to time.
“This is said to have happened on December 8, a day before my birthday, which was celebrated in the Stadium in 2023. So from the 8th of December 2023, I never heard, my wife never heard, no Nigerian ever heard, even the husband never heard any issue of sexual harassment until her committee was changed and then her seat was changed.
“Have you ever wondered about the trauma caused by that same woman on the other people she has accused in the past? None has been proven so far. Do you even wonder about the trauma this caused to the 10th Senate and the image of the Senate with all these useless allegations? I have refrained myself from making a statement.
“Look at these beautiful women. They have come across me so many times. Have I ever harassed any one of you? Or is the person thinking that you are not beautiful?”
By Abdullahi O Haruna Haruspice
The appointment of Dr. Fashagba Femi Paul as the Provost of Kogi State College of Education, Ankpa, is a masterstroke in academic leadership. With an impressive track record in academia, administration, and professional excellence, he is undoubtedly the right person to lead the institution into a new era of transformation. His wealth of experience and outstanding credentials make him well-suited for the task ahead, one that requires vision, strategic planning, and a relentless commitment to excellence.
Dr. Fashagba’s journey is nothing short of inspiring. Having served as the Director of the Academic Planning Unit at the Federal Polytechnic, Bida, he demonstrated exceptional administrative acumen, successfully leading the accreditation and reaccreditation of over thirty academic programs—an achievement unmatched in the history of the institution. His tenure as Dean of Students’ Affairs further highlighted his ability to foster a student-friendly academic environment while ensuring discipline and quality education. In addition to his administrative competence, Dr. Fashagba is a well-respected scholar, researcher, and mentor, with numerous academic publications and conference presentations to his name. As a Fellow of the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN) and a distinguished member of the Chartered Institute of Finance and Control of Nigeria (CIFCN), he embodies the highest standards of professionalism and integrity.
Now at the helm of Kogi State College of Education, Ankpa, Dr. Fashagba must harness his expertise to drive meaningful reforms. The institution, like many teacher-training colleges in Nigeria, requires structural, academic, and administrative revitalization to remain competitive. One of the key areas of focus should be academic excellence and accreditation. Strengthening the college’s accreditation status by ensuring that all programs meet national and global standards is essential. A research-driven environment must be fostered, encouraging both lecturers and students to engage in innovative academic work. Additionally, modern pedagogical tools must be introduced to align with contemporary teacher education.
Beyond academics, institutional development and infrastructure must be prioritized. Improving physical facilities, including classrooms, hostels, and ICT centers, will significantly enhance the learning environment. Seeking partnerships with government and private sector stakeholders to attract funding and grants should also be a focal point. Establishing a robust e-learning system to complement conventional learning methods will further modernize the institution and expand its reach.
To build a well-rounded institution, the welfare of students and staff must also be taken into account. Policies that ensure a conducive learning and teaching environment should be implemented, while continuous professional development programs must be introduced for lecturers to keep them updated on modern teaching methodologies. Encouraging student participation in leadership, entrepreneurship, and community service programs will also help in shaping well-rounded graduates who are equipped to make meaningful contributions to society.
As an astute accountant, Dr. Fashagba is well-positioned to enhance financial management and transparency within the college. Prudent financial practices, revenue-generating initiatives, and reduced reliance on government subventions will be key to ensuring the financial stability of the institution. At the same time, fostering strong ties between the college and the local community will be instrumental in driving mutual growth. Building strategic alliances with education-based NGOs, international bodies, and government agencies will further enhance institutional development and open up new opportunities for students and faculty members.
The appointment of Dr. Fashagba Femi Paul is not just another administrative change—it is a call to action. The weight of expectation is enormous, and the demand for impact is immediate. As he takes over the reins, he must bring on board the right strategies, policies, and personnel to reposition the college for greatness. The people of Kogi State, the academic community, and the students of Kogi State College of Education, Ankpa, look forward to a progressive, transformative, and prosperous tenure. With his sterling credentials, vast experience, and stoic commitment to education, there is no doubt that Dr. Fashagba will leave an indelible mark on the institution. Now is the time to deliver, and the future starts today.
Perfectly musing
BY Musa Ilallah
For the people of Hadejia emirate in the present jigawa state, their hope and optimism remains high now more than ever before that their 42 year old struggle to get a state of their own will soon see the light of the day. The movement had so far submitted a request for the creation of Hadejia state in 1982, 1991, 1994, 1996, 2009, and 2021.
This optimism beams its light and hinges its hope for 2 reasons.
First came the opener when the Jigawa North East Senator, Ambassador Ahmad Abdulhamid Malam Madori on the 25th day of February 2025 sponsored a bill for an act to create Hadejia state out of Jigawa state on the floor of the senate.
The bill, which sought to alter the Constitution of the federal Republic of Nigeria1999 (Cap.C23), is presently awaiting further legislative action.
Second, the House of Representatives committee on the review of the 1999 constitution opened it’s door wide open and allowed all interested applicant seeking new states to be created in their domains to submit their request on or before the 16th of March, 2025.
Taking this opportunity with all the seriousness it deserves, the steering committee led by a former Commissioner in the old Kano state, Alhaji Musa Shuaibu had an interaction with the Chairman of the national Constitution review Committee and also the Deputy Senate President, Distinguished Barau I. Jibrin, to press home the demand for the creation of Hadejia state and thereafter solicits his support for the noble cause.
Consequently, the Chair of the movement for the creation.of Hadejia state, Musa Shuaibu was at the National Assembly on Tuesday March 4th 2025 where he formally presented the demand.
Accompanied by Senator Malam Madori, 2 of the 3 members of the House of Representatives from the area, some members of the state House of assembly and some representatives of LGCs.
Also present were the Representatives of the State Governor, Naannabi Ahmad, Falakin Hadejia and Chairman of the state Civil service commission; Emir of Hadejia’s Representative and Galadiman Hadejia, Usman Abdulaziz, Representatives of 8 local government councils, representatives of State assembly members; members of the house of representatives, Dr Abubakar Fulata and Makki Yanleman; prominent sons and daughters and also some members of the steering committee of the movement led by elder Dr (Arch) Aminu Kano
According to Musa Shuaibu, in addition to the present 8 local government areas that make up the proposed state, the area has presently submitted request to expand the LGAs to more than 12. The present Senatorial zone has Hadejia, Kafin Hausa, Auyo, Kaugama, Malam Madori, Guri, Birniwa and Kiri Kasamna LGAs.
Some of the potentials that seem to work in favour of the demand for Hadejia state include an approximately 700, 000 hectares of total landmass of which 75% is arable for all year round farming.
Others include the economic viability, active and enterprising human resource, utilities and infrastructure, electricity via a 132 KVA, potable water, ethanol renewable energy resource, forests and wildlife. Others include industry and commerce, tourism and rich cultural heritage among others.
Formally receiving the request for the creation of Hadejia state, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Rt Honourable Tajuddeen Abbas in his office, stated that he is 100% in support of the movement and gave an unflinching committment to get the aspiration through.
At the Senate, the Clerk to the Senate committee on the review of the 1999 Constitution, Innocent Mobere received the memorandum on behalf of the chairman and also promised to present the request to the whole house committee.
Meanwhile, Senator Ambassador Ahmad Malam Madori also during a 2day public hearing organised by the Senate committee on health on a bill to consider the creation of a Federal Medical Centre , Hadejia, had appealed to all and sundry to make the proposal a reality.
All eyes are.now on deck to see how fast the National Assembly will fast track the creation of more states and LGCs in the country for its growth and development.
Musa Ilallah, a public affairs analyst based in Abuja. He can be reached at musahk123@yahoo.com